For Research
WattTime offers researchers complimentary access to our emissions data. Below, we share research that uses marginal emissions data to evaluate emissions impacts or demonstrate novel emissions-reducing solutions.
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Researchers interested in using WattTime emissions data to assess the impact of various grid / electricity interventions are invited to request complimentary access. Please complete the form and our team will review your request promptly.
REQUEST DATA ACCESSMarginal emissions used in research & application
Many researchers and organizations have used marginal emissions data (produced by WattTime or others) in their research, decision-making strategy, and product design. Below are those we’re aware of. Please use the form above if you’d like to use WattTime data in your research.
Featured resources
Laboratory Testing of Model Predictive Control for Cost and Emissions Reduction of Heat Pump Water Heaters
by Loren dela Rosa et al.
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Site demonstration and performance evaluation of MPC for a large chiller plant with TES for renewable energy integration and grid decarbonization
by Donghun Kim et al
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Loren dela Rosa et al.. "Laboratory Testing of Model Predictive Control for Cost and Emissions Reduction of Heat Pump Water Heaters." American Control Conference (ACC). 2025. read more
Kathleen West et al.. "Exploring the Potential of Carbon-Aware Execution for Scientific Workflows." IEEE 25th International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Internet Computing (CCGrid). 2025. read more
Philipp Wiesner et al.. "Vessim: A Testbed for Carbon-Aware Applications and Systems." ACM SIGENERGY Energy Informatics Review, Volume 4, Issue 5. 2025. read more
Yuelin Han et al.. "The Unpaid Toll: Quantifying and Addressing the Public Health Impact of Data Centers." arXiv. 2024. read more
Paul Raftery et al.. "Reliably estimating the impact of an active control strategy in a building." Journal of Building Engineering. 2024. read more
Loren dela Rosa, Caton Mande, and Matthew Ellis.. "Beyond the one-shift wonder: a case study on predictive control for heat pump water heaters." SSRN: Social Science Research Network. 2024. read more
Jayden Serenari et al.. "GreenWhisk: Emission-Aware Computing for Serverless Platform." IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E). 2024. read more
Caton Mande, et al.. "Optimizing Cost and Carbon Footprint: Laboratory Testing of Model Predictive Control for Smart Management of Heat Pump Water Heaters." ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. 2024. read more
GSF. "Measurement for the Software Carbon Intensity (SCI) specification." Green Software Foundation. 2023. read more
Imran Sheikh and Charles Barnhart. "Carbon Reduction Potential through Optimal Control of Grid Interactive Heat Pump Water Heaters across the United States." ACEEE Hot Water Forum & Hot Air Forum. 2023. read more
Loren dela Rosa, Caton Mande, and Matthew J Ellis . "Supervisory Multi-Objective Economic Model Predictive Control for Heat Pump Water Heaters for Cost and Carbon Optimization." ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 129, Part 1. 2023. read more
Donghun Kim et al. "Site demonstration and performance evaluation of MPC for a large chiller plant with TES for renewable energy integration and grid decarbonization." Applied Energy. 2022. read more
Zhenning Li et al. "Seamlessly Fuel Flexible Heat Pump with Optimal Model-based Control Strategies to Reduce Peak Demand, Utility Cost and CO2 Emission." U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information. 2022. read more
Julia Lindberg, Bernard C. Lesieutre, and Line A. Roald. "Using geographic load shifting to reduce carbon emissions." Electric Power Systems Research. 2022. read more
Kadir Amasyali et al. "Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Smart Water Heater Control for Reducing Electricity Consumption and Carbon Emission." Conference on Building Energy and Environment (COBEE). 2022. read more
Jesse Dodge et al. "Measuring the Carbon Intensity of AI in Cloud Instances." Arxiv. 2022. read more
Marc Johnson and Sahithi Pingali. "Guidance for accounting and reporting electricity use and carbon emissions from cryptocurrency." Crypto Climate Accord. 2021. read more
Lucas Joppa and Noelle Walsh. "Made to measure: sustainability commitment progress and updates." Microsoft. 2021. read more
Jessica Tran et al. "Automated Demand Response Refrigerator Project." University of California, Berkeley. 2015. read more
Zoltan DeWitt and Matthew Roeschke. "Optimal Refrigeration Control For Soda Vending Machines." University of California, Berkeley. 2015. read more
Joshua S. Graff Zivin, Matthew Kotchen, and Erin T. Mansur. "Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Marginal Emissions: Implications for Electric Cars and Other Electricity-Shifting Policies." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 2014. read more